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Showing posts with label ELECTRONICS SEMINAR TOPICS. Show all posts
Showing posts with label ELECTRONICS SEMINAR TOPICS. Show all posts

What is Mechatronics? What are the Properties of Mechatronics?

Mechatronics is concerned with the design automation and operational performance of electromechanical systems. Mechatronics engineering is nothing new; it is simply the applications of latest techniques in precision mechanical engineering, electronic and computer control, computing systems and sensor and actuator technology to design improved products and processes. The basic idea of Mechatronics engineering is to apply innovative controls to extract new level of performance from a mechanical device. It means using modem cost effective technology to improve product and process performance, adaptability and flexibility.

Mechatronics covers a wide range of application areas including consumer product design, instrumentation, manufacturing methods, computer integration and process and device control. A typical Mechatronic system picks up signals processes them and generates forces and motion as an output. In effect mechanical systems are extended and integrated with sensors (to know where things are), microprocessors (to work out what to do), and controllers (to perform the required actions). The word Mechatronics came up describing this fact of having technical systems operating mechanically with respect to some kernel functions but with more or less electronics supporting the mechanical parts decisively. Thus we can say that Mechatronics is a blending of Mechanical engineering, Electronics engineering and Computing These three disciplines are linked together with knowledge of management, manufacturing and marketing. manabadi.co.in

Graphics Processing Unit GPU Full Seminar Topic Free Download-Abstract

During AGP memory initialization, the OS allocates 4K byte pages of AGP memory in main (physical) memory. These pages are usually discontiguous. However, the graphics controller needs contiguous memory. A translation mechanism called the GART (Graphics Address Remapping Table), makes discontiguous memory appear as contiguous memory by translating virtual addresses into physical addresses in main memory through a remapping table.
A block of contiguous memory space, called the Aperture is allocated above the top of memory. The graphics card accesses the Aperture as if it were main memory. The GART is then able to remap these virtual addresses to physical addresses in main memory. These virtual addresses are used to access main memory, the local frame buffer, and AGP memory.
GRPAHICS PROCESSING UNIT FULL SEMINAR DOWNLOAD HERE

Genetic Programming Full Seminar Topic Free Download-Abstract

In theory, the task of mutation in GP is the same as in all other EC branches, creating a new individual from an old one through some small random variation. The most common implementation works by replacing the subtree starting at a randomly selected node by a randomly generated tree. The newly created tree is usually generated the same way as in the initial population, see Section 8. 
Note, that the size (tree depth) of the child can exceed that of the parent tree. Figure 5 illustrates how the parse tree belonging to the formula 1 (left) is mutated into a parse tree standing for 2 _ ¡ + ((x + 3) _ y)
Mutation in GP has two parameters:
The probability of choosing mutation at the junction with recombination, The probability of choosing an internal point within the parent as the root of the subtree to be replaced.

It is remarkable that Koza's classic book on GP from 1992, cf. [5], advises to set the mutation rate at 0, i.e., it suggests that GP works without mutation. More recently Banzhaf et al. suggested5% [2]. In giving mutation such a limited role, GP differs from other EA streams. The reason for this is the generally shared view that crossover has a large shuffling effect, acting in some sense as a macromutation operator [1]. The current GP practice uses low, but positive, mutation frequencies, even though some studies indicate that the common wisdom favoring an (almost) pure crossover approach might be misleading [9].
GENETIC PROGRAMMING FULL SEMINAR DOWNLOAD HERE

General Packet Radio Service GPRS Full Seminar Free Download

GPRS builds on the proved authentication and security model used by GSM. At session initiation, a user is authenticated using secret information contained on a smart card called a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). Authentication data is exchanged and validated with records stored in the HLR network node. GPRS enables additional authentication using protocols such as RADIUS before the subscriber is allowed access to the Internet or corporate data networks. GPRS supports the ciphering of user data across the wireless interface from the mobile terminal to the SGSN. In addition, higher level, end to end VPN encryption may take place when a user connects to a private corporate network.
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Fully Integrated Cmos GPS R Full Seminar Topic Free Download

After downconversion, the signal is amplified using a variable-gain amplifier (VGA) with 20-dB gain programmability. A second-order integrated passive polyphase filter has been used to recombine the I and Q signal path [4]. The polyphase filter is an RC structure with inputs and outputs symmetrically disposed. The relatively small ratio between the signal band and IF frequency allows building the combiner as the cascade of two RC passive poly-phase filters. A rejection of 30 dB across the 2-MHz band is achieved for ±20% RC time constant spread.
The IF filter is centered at 9.45 MHz. To fit the 2-MHz GPS band, even in presence of component values variations, the nominal transfer function features a larger bandwidth (6 MHz) than the one needed (2 MHz). However, a ripple in the GPS band (8.45–10.45 MHz) lower than 0.5 dB is guaranteed in any case. To optimize the power consumption for a given linearity and noise, an active RC solution has been chosen. The filter is built as a cascade of a bandpass and a low-pass cell, implementing a fourth-order transfer function (Fig.5). The filter also provides an antialiasing function before the base band ADC, assuring 20-dB attenuation at 28 MHz.
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Face Recognition Technology Full Seminar Topics Free Download Here-Abstract

Artificial intelligence is used to simulate human interpretation of faces. In order to increase the accuracy and adaptability , some kind of machine learning has to be implemented. There are essentially two methods of capture. One is video imaging and the other is thermal imaging. Video imaging is more common as standard video cameras can be used. The precise position and the angle of the head and the surrounding lighting conditions may affect the system performance. The complete facial image is usually captured and a number of points on the face can then be mapped, position of the eyes, mouth and the nostrils as a example. More advanced technologies make 3-D map of the face which multiplies the possible measurements that can be made. Thermal imaging has better accuracy as it uses facial temperature variations caused by vein structure as the distinguishing traits. As the heat pattern is emitted from the face itself without source of external radiation these systems can capture images despite the lighting condition, even in the dark. The drawback is high cost. They are more expensive than standard video cameras.
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Embedded DRAM Full seminar Topic Free download here-Abstract

The three commonly identified types of embedded DRAM are DRAM based, blended (or hybrid), and logic- based. DRAM-based I is practically the same as commodity DRAM—using DRAM periphery devices to build logic circuitry with perhaps the addition of one or two metal layers for logic routing. Blended technology uses additional front-end masks to enhance the performance of the DRAM periphery devices, to speed up logic performance. Logic-based embedded DRAM enables transisters with performance compatible with leadingedge logic processes, resulting in an improved DRAM logic interface, and an onchip logic performance path to implementing system on-chip designs. System designers are turning to embedded DRAM for several reasons. Unlike commodity DRAMs, which are only available in a standard range of densities—typically 4, 16 and 64 Mbits—-the exact amount of memory required in a system can be specified in .the embedded DRAM macro block, for example, 5, 9, or 17 Mbits. Thus, no memory is wasted and area and cost are opt In addition, the exact configuration and memory interfaces can be specified in the macrocell, thus offering flexibility and optimum system performance.
Each of these three types combines the functions of both memory and logic on a single die. The elimination of the additional I/O bonding pads required for two separate chips saves about 5 to 10 percent of overall silicon area over discrete solutions. It can also help relieve the pad limitation problem of complex ICs by providing pad savings over discrete ICs, since DRAM driving pads are eliminated from both memory and logic parts. Depending on the particular design, an embedded array requires far fewer pads, thus saving space. This space saving is even more significant for smaller designs of 300K logic gates arid below, because it alleviates the pad limitation problem common in these designs.
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Electronic Nose Full Seminar Topic Download Free and its Abstract

Enter the gas sensors of the electronic nose. This speedy, reliable new technology undertakes what till now has been impossible – continuous real monitoring of odor at specific sites in the field over hours, days, weeks or even months. An electronic device can also circumvent many other problems associated with the use of human panels. Individual variability, adaptation (becoming less sensitive during prolonged exposure), fatigue, infections, mental state, subjectivity, and exposure to hazardous compounds all come to mind. In effect, the electronic nose can create odor exposure profiles beyond the capabilities of the human panel or GC/MS measurement techniques. The electronic nose is a system consisting of three functional components that operate serially on an odorant sample- a sample handler, an array of gas sensors, and a signal processing system. The output of the electronic nose can be the identity of the odorant, an estimate of the concentration of the odorant, or the characteristic properties of the odor as might be perceived by a human.
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Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing DWDM Full Seminar Topic Free Download

To understand the importance of DWDM and optical networking, these capabilities must be discussed in the context of the challenges faced by the telecommunications industry, and, in particular, service providers. Forecasts of the amount of bandwidth capacity needed for networks were calculated on the presumption that a given individual would only use network bandwidth six minutes of each hour. These formulas did not factor in the amount of traffic generated by Internet access (300 percent growth per year), faxes, multiple phone lines, modems, teleconferencing, and data and video transmission. Had these factors been included, a far different estimate would have emerged. In fact, today many people use the bandwidth equivalent of 180 minutes or more each hour. Therefore, an enormous amount of bandwidth capacity is required to provide the services demanded by consumers. No one could have predicted the network growth necessary to meet the demand.
In addition to this explosion in consumer demand for bandwidth, many service providers are coping with fiber exhaust in their networks. An industry survey indicated that in 1995, the amount of embedded fiber already in use in the average network was between 70 percent and 80 percent. Today, many carriers are nearing one hundred–percent capacity utilization across significant portions of their networks. Another problem for carriers is the challenge of deploying and integrating diverse technologies in one physical infrastructure. Customer demands and competitive pressures mandate that carriers offer diverse services economically and deploy them over the embedded network. DWDM provides service providers an answer to that demand.
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Dynamic Synchronous Transfer Mode DTM Full Seminar Topic Download Free Here

In principle, two basic technologies are used for building highcapacity networks: circuit switching and packet switching. In circuitswitched networks, network resources are reserved all the way from sender to receiver before the start of the transfer, thereby creating a circuit. The resources are dedicated to the circuit during the whole transfer. Control signaling and payload data transfers are separated in circuit-switched networks. Processing of control information and control signaling such as routing is performed mainly at circuit setup and termination. Consequently, the transfer of payload data within the circuit does not contain any overhead in the form of headers or the like. Traditional voice telephone service is an example of circuit switching. Circuit-Switched Networks
An advantage of circuit-switched networks is that they allow for large amounts of data to be transferred with guaranteed transmission capacity, thus providing support for real-time traffic. A disadvantage of circuit switching, however, is that if connections are short-lived—when transferring short messages, for example—the setup delay may represent a large part of the total connection time, thus reducing the network's capacity. Moreover, reserved resources cannot be used by any other users even if the circuit is inactive, which may further reduce link utilization.
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Distributed Wireless Communication Full Seminar Free Download Here

It seems that the only solution for the first problem is to explore the space resource. The cellular system is a successful example. With a cellular structure, the frequency can be reused as many times as needed. Also, the cellular structure reduces the maximum distance from the terminal to the nearest base station, which is also a clue to solve the second problem.
However, in a traditional cellular system, when the cell size gets smaller, capacity can be increased linearly with cell density. But this is based on the assumption of a large path loss exponent. Pathloss is the amount of loss introduced by the propagation environment between transmitter and receiver. When the cell size is small enough, the exponent gets small, which may be approximately 2; thus, the interference may be so large that the system may not work, as seen in Fig. 2.The above phenomenon indicates that the system capacity cannot be increased anymore when the density of cells reaches a certain level.

Digital Audio BroadCasting DAB Full Seminar Free Download Here

The Digital audio compression allows the efficient storage and transmission of audio data. While quantizing, the number of quantizer levels is typically a power of 2 to make full use of a fixed no: of bits per audio sample to representthe quantized values. With uniform quantizer step spacing, each additional bit has the potential of increasing the signal to noise ratio. The typical number of bits per sample used for digital audio is 8, 16, 32, 64. The audio data on a compact disc (2 channels of audio samp1. at 44.1 KHz with 32 bits per sample) requires a data rate of 32x2x44xl000( megabits per second. Ti) transfer this uncompressed data requires a large data transfer rate and a larger bandwidth. Therefore audio data need to be compressed for efficient storage and transmission.
COMPRESSION TECHNIQUES
The MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group) audio compression algorithm is an International Standardization Organization (ISO) standard for high fidelity audio compression. The high performance of this compression algorithm is due to the exploitation of auditory masking. This masking is a perceptual weakness of the ear that occurs whenever the presence of a strong audio signal in spectral neighborhood of weaker audio signals makes it imperceptible. This noise-masking phenomenon has been observed and corroborated through a variety of psycho acoustic experiments. Due to the specific behaviour of the inner ear, the human auditory system perceives only a small part of the complex audio spectrum. Only those parts of the spectrum located above the masking threshold of a given sound contribute to its perception, where as any acoustic action occurring at the same time but with less intensity and thus situated under the masking threshold will not be heard because it is masked by the main sound event.

Crusoe Processor and its Abstract-Full Seminar Download Here Free

Integrated PCI Controller
The Crusoe Processor includes a PCI bus controller that is PCI 2.1 compliant. The PCI bus is 32 bits wide, operates at 33 MHz, and is compatible with 3.3V signal levels. It is not 5V tolerant, however. The PCI controller on provides a PCI host bridge, the PCI bus arbiter, and a DMA controller.
Serial ROM Interface
The Crusoe Processor serial ROM interface is a five-pin interface used to read data from a serial flash ROM. The flash ROM is 1M-byte in size and provides nonvolatile storage for the Code Morphing software. During the boot process, the Code Morphing code is copied from the ROM to the Code Morphing memory space in SDRAM. Once transferred, the Code Morphing code requires 8 to 16Mbytes of memory space. The portion of SDRAM space reserved for Code Morphing software is not visible to x86 code. Transmeta supplies programming information for the flash ROM device. This interface may also be used for insystem reprogramming of the flash ROM.
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Code Division Multiple Access CDMA Full Seminar Topic Download Here Free

CDMA Means Code Division Multiple Access....
Though CDMA application in cellular telephony is relatively new, it is not a new technology. CDMA has been used in many military applications, such as anti- jamming (because of the spread signal, it is difficult to jam or interfere with a CDMA signal), ranging (measuring the distance of the transmission to know when it will be received), and secure communications (the spread spectrum signal is very hard to detect).
Spread Spectrum
CDMA is a “spread spectrum” technology, which means that it spreads the information contained in a particular signal of interest over a much greater bandwidth than the original signal. The standard data rate of a CDMA call is 9600 bits per second (9.6 kilobits per second). This initial data is “spread,” including the application of digital codes to the data bits, up to the transmitted rate of about 1.23 megabits per second. The data bits of each call are then transmitted in combination with the data bits of all of the calls in the cell. At the receiving end, the digital codes are separated out, leaving only the original information which was to be communicated. At that point, each call is once again a unique data stream with a rate of 9600 bits per second. Traditional uses of spread spectrum are in military operations. Because of the Wide bandwidth of a spread spectrum signal, it is very difficult to jam, difficult to interfere with, and difficult to identify. This is in contrast to technologies using a narrower bandwidth of frequencies. Since a wideband spread spectrum signal is very hard to detect, it appears as nothing more than a slight rise in the “noise floor” or interference level. With other technologies, the power of the signal is concentrated in a narrower band, which makes it easier to detect.
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Cable Modems and its Types Full Seminar Topic Free Download, Abstract also

Internal Cable Modem
The internal Cable Modem is typically a PCI bus add-in card for a PC. That might be the cheapest implementation possible, but it has a number of drawbacks. First problem is that it can only be used in desktop PC's. Mac's and laptops are possible, but require a different design. Second problem is that the cable connector is not galvanic isolated from AC mains. This may pose a problem in some CATV networks, requiring a more expensive upgrade of the network installations. Some countries and/or CATV networks may not be able to use internal cable modems at all for technical and/or regulatory reasons.

Interactive Set-Top Box
The interactive set-top box is really a cable modem in disguise. The primary function of the set-top box is to provide more TV channels on the same limited number of frequencies. This is possible with the use of digital television encoding (DVB). An interactive set-top box provides a return channel - often through the ordinary plain old telephone system (POTS) - that allows the user access to web-browsing, email etc. directly on the TV screen.
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Bluera or Blue Laser Full Seminar Topic Download Free and its Abstract

Abstract of Blue Laser or BluEra......
A blue laser operates in the blue range of the light spectrum, ranging from about 405nm to 470nm. Most blue laser are diodes use indium gallium nitride as the material to create the laser light, although the amount of indium included in the material varies. (Some blue laser diodes use no indium.) Some manufacturers create blue LEDs (light-emitting diodes), which create light in a manner similar to lasers with silicon carbide.
Blue laser beams have a smaller spot size and are more precise than red laser beams, which lets data on blue laser optical storage discs be stored more densely. The spot size of a laser beam is one determining factor, along with the materials in the optical disc and the way the laser is applied to the disc, in the size of the pits the laser makes on an optical disc. Laser beams with larger spot sizes typically create larger pits than those with smaller pit sizes. Blue lasers are desirable because blue light has the shortest wavelength among visible light. A blue laser operates at a shorter wavelength of about 405nm than a red laser at about 650nm. A nanometer (nm) is one-billionth of a meter, onemillionth of a millimeter, and one-thousandth of a micron. One inch is equal to about 25.4 million nanometers. A human hair is about 50,000nm wide.
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Blast Full Seminar Topic Download, Abstract

At the receiver, an array of antennas is again used to pick up the multiple transmitted sub streams and their scattered images. Each receiver antenna sees the entire transmitted sub streams super imposed, not separately. However, if the multipath scattering is sufficient is sufficient, then the multiple sub streams are located at different points in space .Using sophisticated signal processing, these slight difference in scattering allow the sub streams to be identified and recovered. In effect the unavoidable multipath is exploited to provide a useful spatial parallelism that is used to greatly improve data transmission rates. Thus when using the BLAST technique, the more multipath, the better, just the opposite of the conventional systems.

The blast signal processing algorithms used at the receiver are the heart of the technique. At the bank of receiving antennas, high speed signal processors look at the signals from all the receiver antennas simultaneously, first extracting the strongest signal have been removed as a source of interference. Again the ability to separate the sub streams depends on the slight differences in the way the different sub streams propagate through the environment. Let us assume a signal transmitted vector symbol with symbol-synchronous receiver sampling and ideal timing. If a= (a1, a2, a3,…. am) T is the vector transmitted symbols, then the receiver N vector is r1=Ha+v, where H is the matrix channel transfer function and V is a noise vector. Signal detection can be done using adaptive, antenna array techniques, sometimes called linear combinational nulling. Each sub stream is sequentially understood as the desired signal. This implies that the other sub stream will be understood as interference. One nulls out this interference by weighting the interfering signals they go to zero (known as zero forcing). While these linear nullings work, on linear approaches can be used in conjunction with them for overall result. Symbol cancellation is one such technique. Using interference from already detected components of interfering signals are subtracted to form the received signal vector. The end result is a modified receiver vector with few interferes present in the matrix. Bell labs actually tried both approaches. The result showed that adding the nonlinear to the linear yielded the best performance and dealing with the strongest channel, first (thus removing it as and interference) give the best overall SNR. If all components of ‘a’ are assumed to be the part of the same constellation, it would be expected that the component with the smallest SNR would dominate the overall error performance. The strongest channel then becomes the place to start symbol cancellation. This technique has been called the “best-first” approach and has become the de-facto way to do signal detection from an RF stream. But what the Bell labs guys found is that if you evaluate the SNR function at each stage of the detection process, rather than just at the beginning, you come up with a different ordering that is also (minmax) optimal.

As its core V-BLAST is an iterative cancellation method that depends on computing a matrix inverse to solve the zero forcing function. The algorithm works by detecting the strongest data stream from the received signal and repeating the process for the remaining data streams. While the algorithm complexity is linear with the number of transmitting antennas, it suffers performance degradation through the cancellation process. If cancellation is not perfect, it can inject more noise in to the system and degrade detection.

The essential difference between D-BLAST and V-BLAST lies in the vector encoding process. In D-BLAST, redundancy between the sub streams is introduced through the use of specialized inter-sub stream block coding. In D-BLAST code blocks are organized along diagonals in space-time. It is this coding that leads to D-BLAST’s higher spectral efficiencies for a given number of transmitters and receivers. In V-BLAST, however, the vector encoding process is simply a demultiplex operation followed by independent bit-to-symbol mapping of each sub stream. No inter-sub stream coding, or coding of any kind, is required, though conventional coding of the individual sub streams may certainly be applied
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Asynchronous Chips Full Seminar Topic Download and its Abstract

Asynchronous Chips and its Abstract:
It can coordinate the action of an asynchronous system, allowing data to flow in an orderly fashion without the need for a central clock. Shown here  is an electronic pipeline control by a chain of Muller C-elements, each of which allows data to pass down the line only when the preceding stage is “full” – indicating that data are ready to move – and the following stage is “empty.”
Each Muller C-element has two input wires and one output wire. The output changes to FALSE when both inputs are FALSE and back to TRUE when both inputs are TRUE (in the diagram, TRUE signals are shown in blue and FALSE signals are in red.). The inverter makes the initial inputs to the Muller C-element differ, setting all stages empty at the start. Let’s assume that the left input is initially TRUE and the right input FALSE (1). A change in signal at the left input from TRUE to FALSE (2) indicates that the stage to the left is full – that is, some data have arrived. Because the inputs to the Muller C-element are now the same, its output changes to FALSE. This change in signals does three things: it moves data down the pipeline by briefly making the data latch transparent, it sends a FALSE signal back to the preceding C-element to make the left stage empty, and it sends a FALSE signal ahead to the next Muller C-element to make the right stage full (3) search groups recently introduced a new kind of Rendezvous circuit called GasP. GasP evolved from an earlier family of circuits designed by Charles E. Molnar, at SUN Microsystems. Molnar dubbed his creation asP*, which stands for asynchronous symmetric pulse protocol (the asterisk indicates the double “P”). “G” is added to the name because GasP is what you are supposed to do when you see how fat our new circuits go. It is found that GasP modules are as fast as and as energy-efficient as Muller C-elements, fit better with ordinary data latches and offer much greater versatility in complex designs. ARBITER CIRCUIT Without a clock to govern its actions, an asynchronous system must rely on local coordination circuits instead.
An arbiter circuit performs another task essential for asynchronous computers. An arbiter is like a traffic officer at an intersection who decides which car may pass through next. Given only one request, an Arbiter promptly permits the corresponding action, delaying any request until the first action is completed. When an Arbiter gets two requests at once, it must decide which request to grant first.
For example, when two processors request access to a shared memory at approximately the same time, the Arbiter puts the request into a sequence, granting access to only one processor at a time. The Arbiter guarantees that there are never two actions under way at once, just as the traffic officer prevents accidents by ensuring that there are never two cars passing through the intersection on a collision course. Although Arbiter circuits never grant more than one request at a time, there is no way to build an Arbiter that will always reach a decision within a fixed time limit. Present-day Arbiters reach decisions very quickly on average, usually within about a few hundred picoseconds. When faced with close calls, however, the circuits may occasionally take twice as long, and in very rare cases the time needed to make a decision may be 10 times as long as normal.
The fundamental difficulty in making these decisions causes minor dilemmas, which are familiar in everyday life. For example, two people approaching a doorway at the same time may pause before deciding who will go through first. They can go through in either order. All that needed is a way to break the tie.
An Arbiter breaks ties. Like a flip-flop circuit, an Arbiter has two stable states corresponding to the two choices. One can think of these states as the Pacific Ocean and The Gulf of Mexico. Each request to an Arbiter pushes the circuit toward one stable state or the other, just as a hailstone that falls in the Rocky Mountains can roll downhill toward The Pacific or the Gulf. Between the two stable states, however, there must be a meta-stable line, which is equivalent to the Continental Divide. If a hailstone falls precisely on the Divide, it may balance momentarily on that sharp mountain ridge before tipping toward The Pacific or the Gulf. Similarly, if two requests arrive at an Arbiter within a few picoseconds of each other, the circuit may pause in its meta-stable state before reaching one of its stable states to break the tie.
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AERONAUTICAL COMMUNICATIONS FULL SEMINAR DOWNLOAD FREE

The Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) is the third generation mobile communications system being developed within the IMT -2000 framework. UMTS will build on and extend the capability of today's mobile technologies (like digital cellular and cordless) by providing increased capacity, data capability and a far greater range of services. In January 1998, ETSI reached an agreement concerning the radio access technique to be used for UMTS. This air interface, named UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access) is applicable in the two existent duplexing schemes for UMTS: UMTS-FDD and UMTS- TTD. UMTS-FDD relies on wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) access technique, while UMTS- TTD uses the TD-CDMA access technique, a combination of CDMA and TDMA technologies.
Bluetooth operates in the unlicensed 2.4--GHz ISM (industrial, scientific and medical) band and uses a frequency- hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) technique to minimise interference. A Bluetooth unit has a nominal range of approximately 10 meters (in the Class 3 defined in the standard, but which can be enlarged by amplifying the transmit power in Class 2 and Class 1 up to 100 m.). Two or more Bluetooth units sharing the same channel form a piconet. Each piconet consists of a master unit and up to seven active slave units. Furthermore, two or more piconets can be interconnected to form a scattemet. To be a part of more than one piconet a unit called inter-piconet unit (gateway) is required.

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